fa بررسی مقایسه ای شاخص های آب مستخرج از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای به منظور پایش تغییرات سطح پهنه‌های آبی با کمک سامانه گوگل ارث انجین (مطالعه موردی: تالاب میقان اراک) سنجش از دور RS كاربردي Applicable <span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span lang="AR-BH" style="font-weight:normal">تالاب‌ها زیست‌بوم آبی پویا و پیچیده‌ای هستند که نقش مهمی در بقای گونه‌های بسیار زیادی از گیاهان و جانوران وابسته به خود ایفا می‌کنند. در این پژوهش با استفاده از شش شاخص </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">NDVI</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-weight:normal">، </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">NDWI</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-weight:normal">، </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">MNDWI</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-weight:normal">، </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">AWEI</span></span></span>_{<span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">sh</span></span></span>}<span lang="FA" style="font-weight:normal">، </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">AWEI</span></span></span>_{<span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">nsh </span></span></span>}<span lang="FA" style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">WRI</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-weight:normal"> به بررسی تغییرات تالاب میقان اراک در بازه زمانی 1985 تا 2020 پرداخته‌شده است. <a name="_Hlk101545166">علاوه بر آن مساحت‌های پهنه‌های آبی حاصل‌شده توسط شاخص‌ها در دوران خشک‌سالی و ترسالی با یکدیگر مقایسه شده و همبستگی بین تصویر حاصل‌شده از هر شاخص تحلیل و ارزیابی‌شده است</a>. </span><span lang="AR-BH" style="font-weight:normal">با توجه به اینکه تالاب موردمطالعه دارای عمق آب بسیار کم و حاوی آب شور است، توانایی شاخص‌های آبی در استخراج پهنه‌ آبی </span><span lang="FA" style="font-weight:normal">این </span><span lang="AR-BH" style="font-weight:normal">تالاب مورد</span> <span lang="AR-BH" style="font-weight:normal">بررسی قرارگرفته و با نتایج طبقه‌بندی روش ماشین بردار پشتیبان مقایسه شده است. </span><span lang="FA" style="font-weight:normal">نتایج حاکی از آن است که شاخص‌ </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">AWEI</span></span></span>_{<span dir="LTR" style="font-size:9.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">nsh </span></span></span>}<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;در هنگام خشک‌سالی و کاهش حجم و سطح آب قادر به استخراج رضایت‌بخش و دقیق پهنه‌های آبی نمی‌باشند. شاخص‌های </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">WRI</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-weight:normal"> و </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:normal">MNDWI</span></span></span><span style="font-weight:normal"> با صحت کلی 95.97 و 98.52 برای تصویر دوره خشک‌سالی 99.04 و 99.57 در هنگام پر آبی تالاب بهترین شاخص&rlm;ها برای تعیین پهنه‌ی آبی می&rlm;باشند. عنوان یک نتیجه کلی می&shy;توان گفت اطمینان کردن به نتایج یک شاخص در دوران خشک‌سالی برای بررسی پهنه&shy;های آبی درست نیست. از آنجایی که در بررسی&shy;های زمانمند ترکیبی از سال&rlm;های کم آب و پرآب وجود دارد، لذا توصیه جدی این است که در مطالعات مشابه از چند شاخص برای بررسی پهنه&shy;های آبی به‌طور هم‌زمان استفاده شود.</span></span></span></span></span></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">Wetlands are dynamic and complex aquatic ecosystems that play an important role in the survival of many plant and animal species. This study modeled the spatio-temporal changes of the Arak Meighan wetland during 1985&ndash;2020 using the multi-temporal Landsat images. In doing so, the applicability of different satellite-derived indexes including NDVI, NDWI, MNDWI, </span></span><m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></span></span></m:ssubpr><m:e><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>AWEI</m:r></span></span></span></m:e><m:sub><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>sh</m:r></span></span></span></m:sub></m:ssub></m:omath><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:2.5pt"><img alt="" id="_x0000_i1025" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="width:33pt; height:12pt" > </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">, </span></span><m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></span></span></m:ssubpr><m:e><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>AWEI</m:r></span></span></span></m:e><m:sub><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>nsh</m:r></span></span></span></m:sub></m:ssub></m:omath><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:2.5pt"><img alt="" id="_x0000_i1025" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="width:36.75pt; height:12pt" > </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">, and WRI was investigated for the extraction of surface water from Landsat data.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">In addition, the correlation coefficient between the images extracted by the indexes is also estimated. For comparison purposes SVM classification was applied on some selected images. &nbsp;Because the Meighan wetland has a very shallow water depth and contains saline water, the capability of water indexes to extract surface</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">water areas of the wetland has been investigated on this area.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">The results of the study indicate that climate change such as increasing rainfall has a direct relationship with changes in the surface water area of wetland extracted by various indexes in the last 35 years. Also, the </span></span><m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></span></span></m:ssubpr><m:e><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>AWEI</m:r></span></span></span></m:e><m:sub><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>sh</m:r></span></span></span></m:sub></m:ssub></m:omath><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:2.5pt"><img alt="" id="_x0000_i1025" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="width:33pt; height:12pt" > </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">&nbsp;and </span></span><m:omath><m:ssub><m:ssubpr><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlpr></span></span></m:ssubpr><m:e><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>AWEI</m:r></span></span></span></m:e><m:sub><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span cambria="" math="" style="font-family:"><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="p"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>nsh</m:r></span></span></span></m:sub></m:ssub></m:omath><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:2.5pt"><img alt="" id="_x0000_i1025" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="width:36.75pt; height:12pt" > </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">&nbsp;indexes are not able to properly and accurately extract surface</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">water area when there is a drought and the water depth is reduced. Overall, it is not recommended to rely on the results of one index to monitor surface water area during drought condition. Since there is a combination of low water and high water years in time-series analyses, it is seriously recommended that in similar studies, several indexes be used simultaneously for detecting and extracting</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">surface water. However, classification can be used as a robust method for water body extraction in all times.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp;</div> تشخیص تغییرات, تالاب میقان, شاخص آب, سنجش از دور, لندست Change Detection, Meighan Wetland, Water Indexes, Remote Sensing, Landsat 39 62 http://jgit.kntu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-11-139-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Marjan Faraji مرجان فرجی Mrj.faraji@gmail.com 10031947532846008826 10031947532846008826 No University of Isfahan دانشگاه اصفهان Bagher Fatemi باقر فاطمی sb.fatemi@eng.ui.ac.ir 10031947532846008827 10031947532846008827 Yes University of Isfahan دانشگاه اصفهان