1. [1] F. D. van der Meer, H. M. A. van der Werff, F. J. A. van Ruitenbeek et al., "Multi- and hyperspectral geologic remote sensing: A review," International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 112-128, 2012. [DOI:10.1016/j.jag.2011.08.002]

2. [2] P. Yang, K. Esmaeili, S. Goodfellow et al., "Mine pit wall geological mapping using UAV-based RGB imaging and unsupervised learning," Remote Sensing, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1641, 2023. [DOI:10.3390/rs15061641]

3. [3] M. J. Cracknell, and A. M. Reading, "Geological mapping using remote sensing data: A comparison of five machine learning algorithms, their response to variations in the spatial distribution of training data and the use of explicit spatial information," Comput. Geosci., vol. 63, pp. 22-33, 2014. [DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2013.10.008]

4. [4] I. O. Nafigin, V. T. Ishmukhametova, S. A. Ustinov et al., "Geological and mineralogical mapping based on statistical methods of remote sensing data processing of Landsat-8: a case study in the southeastern Transbaikalia, Russia," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 15, pp. 9242, 2022. [DOI:10.3390/su14159242]

5. [5] A. Shebl, and A. Csamer, "Stacked vector multi-source lithologic classification utilizing Machine Learning Algorithms: Data potentiality and dimensionality monitoring," Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, vol. 24, pp. 100643, 2021. [DOI:10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100643]

6. [6] A. B. Pour, M. Hashim, and J. van Genderen, "Detection of hydrothermal alteration zones in a tropical region using satellite remote sensing data: Bau goldfield, Sarawak, Malaysia," Ore Geology Reviews, vol. 54, pp. 181-196, 2013. [DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.03.010]

7. [7] B. Zoheir, and A. Emamb, "Integrating geologic and satellite imagery data for high-resolution mapping and gold exploration targets in the South Eastern Desert, Egypt," Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 66-67 pp. 22-34, 2012. [DOI:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.02.007]

8. [8] C. c. Gomez, C. Delacourt, P. Allemand et al., "Using ASTER remote sensing data set for geological mapping, in Namibia," Physics and Chemistry of the Earth vol. 30, pp. 97-108, 2005. [DOI:10.1016/j.pce.2004.08.042]

9. [9] A. Elaaraj, A. Lhachmi, H. Tabyaoui et al., "Remote sensing data for geological mapping in the Saka region in northeast Morocco: an integrated approach," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 22, pp. 15349, 2022. [DOI:10.3390/su142215349]

10. [10] E. P. Binam Mandeng, L. M. Bondjè Bidjeck, J. D. Takodjou Wambo et al., "Lithologic and structural mapping of the Abiete-Toko gold district in southern Cameroon, using Landsat 7 ETM+/SRTM," Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol. 350, pp. 130-140, March 01, 2018, 2018. [DOI:10.1016/j.crte.2017.11.003]

11. [11] J. Aadaj, A. Tabit, A. Algouti et al., "Integrated optical and radar remote sensing for litho-structural mapping of the Kerdous and Ait Abdellah inliers, western Anti-Atlas, Morocco," Scientific Reports, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 170, 2025. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-28952-0]

12. [12] M. A. Elfadly, M. Abdelrady, A. Decarlis et al., "Multidisciplinary approaches to lithological discrimination and structural mapping for mineral resource assessment," Scientific Reports, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 9079, 2026. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-43824-x]

13. [13] S. A. Peña, and M. G. Abdelsalam, "Orbital remote sensing for geological mapping in southern Tunisia: Implication for oil and gas exploration," Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 44, pp. 203-219, 2006. [DOI:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.10.011]

14. [14] L. Githenya, E. Mathu, P. Kariuki et al., "Integration of remote sensing and geological mapping for economic mineralization mapping in Mwitika-Makongo area, Kitui county," Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS, vol. 10, no. 281, pp. 1-5, 2021.

15. [15] F. Al-Nahmi, O. Saddiqi, A. Hilali et al., "Application of remote sensing in geological mapping, case study al Maghrabah area - Hajjah region, Yemen," ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. 44W4, pp. 63-71, 2017. [DOI:10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-4-W4-63-2017]

16. [16] I. Serbouti, M. Raji, M. Hakdaoui et al., "Improved lithological map of large complex semi-arid regions using spectral and textural datasets within google earth engine and fused machine learning multi-classifiers," Remote Sensing, vol. 14, no. 21, pp. 5498, 2022. [DOI:10.3390/rs14215498]

17. [17] V. Árvai, and G. Albert, "Lightweight deep learning approaches for lithological mapping in vegetated terrains of the Vălioara valley, Romania," ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 350, 2025. [DOI:10.3390/ijgi14090350]

18. [18] X. Li, P. Feng, B. Yu et al., "Geologically constrained multi-scale transformer for lithology identification under extreme class imbalance," Eng, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 8, 2026. [DOI:10.3390/eng7010008]

19. [19] R. Mohammadizad, and R. Arfania, "Advanced Investigation of Remote Sensing to Geological Mapping of Zefreh Region in Central Iran," Open Journal of Geology, vol. 7, pp. 1509-1529, 2017. [DOI:10.4236/ojg.2017.710101]

20. [20] P. Safarbeyranvand, P. Z. Firouzabadi, A. Hosingholizade et al., "Using EO1 hyperspectral images for rock units mapping," 6th Intercontinental Geoinformation Days (IGD), Baku, Azerbaijan, vol. 6, pp. 191-194, 2023

21. [21] G. Albert, and S. Ammar, "Application of random forest classification and remotely sensed data in geological mapping on the Jebel Meloussi area (Tunisia)," Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol. 14, no. 21, pp. 2240, 2021. [DOI:10.1007/s12517-021-08509-x]

22. [22] C. Kumar, A. Shetty, S. Raval et al., "Lithological discrimination and mapping using ASTER SWIR data in the Udaipur area of Rajasthan, India," Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, vol. 11, pp. 180-188, 2015. [DOI:10.1016/j.proeps.2015.06.022]

23. [23] M. T. A. Mohamed, L. S. Al-Naimi, T. I. Mgbeojedo et al., "Geological mapping and mineral prospectivity using remote sensing and GIS in parts of Hamissana, Northeast Sudan," Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1123-1138, 2021. [DOI:10.1007/s13202-021-01115-3]

24. [24] A. B. Pour, Y. Park, M. Hashim et al., "Regional geological mapping in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica using multispectral remote sensing satellite data," IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 169, no. 012081, pp. 1-9, 2018. [DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/169/1/012081]

25. [25] T. Chen, and C. Guestrin, "XGBoost: a scalable tree boosting system," Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining pp. 785 - 794, 2016. [DOI:10.1145/2939672.2939785]

26. [26] Guolin Ke., Qi Meng., Thomas Finley. et al., "LightGBM: a highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree," NIPS'17: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 3149 - 3157, 2017.